Architecture is the study and science of designing buildings and other structures. Architecture is also the practice and process of designing constructive functional space for buildings and structural places for social interactions. It requires the manipulation of materials, technology, and the surrounding environment. Architecture also includes project planning which determines space to be utilized, cost estimation, and construction management. Architectural works are often perceived as cultural and political symbols as well as works of art.

Architects are responsible for the design of the building along with the over seeing of the construction process. Architects have to consider the environment, space, materials to be used, mass, texture, volume and any other contributing factor of the design process. The desired design must be functional, economical, practical, and usually incorporates an artistic flare. This is the difference between architecture and engineering design which is based on the creation of objects using materials combined with mathematics and scientific principles. The documents produced by architects include drawings, plans, and technical specifications which provide the required information to construct the design implemented by the architect.

The earliest written work on the subject of architecture was written by the Romans. These works explained what a correct structure should contain and what principles they should follow. The three main subjects that were the center of attention were durability, utility, and beauty. Durability meant the structure should stand up robustly and stay in good condition over an extended period of time. Utility described how it should be useful and function properly for the ones who used it. The Romans believed beauty was an important aspect to the design and that it should delight the people and raise their spirits.

Architecture rose and evolved with the meeting of basic needs(shelter, worship, security, etc.)and the means (available materials, and labors skills). When cultures developed and knowledge was spread through oral traditions and practices, architecture became a craft. Early human settlements were mostly rural and due to a surplus in production expanded to become rural areas. In many ancient civilizations like the Egyptians and Mesopotamians architecture reflected the engagement of the divine and the supernatural while in other cultures it was represented to display the power of the state. Over time the complexity and diversity of buildings increased. Civil construction like roads and bridges began to form and buildings like schools, library’s, and hospitals were built.

As the complexity of buildings began to increase (in terms of structural systems, services, technology, and energy) architecture became more multi-disciplinary. Architecture today usually requires a team of professionals and specialist with the architect being one of many, although usually the team coordinator. During the last two decades of the twentieth century, and into the new millennium the field of architecture saw the rise of specializations of project type, and technological expertise. In addition to this there has been more of a separation between the ‘design’ architect and the ‘project’ architect. Green building sustainable design is the new horizon, also the implement of solar panels, and wind turbines within architecture is the future at hand. These trends are suspected to become more visible in the years to come accompanied with the innovation of new recycled material.

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